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Highly efficient chemical-electrical energy conversion has become the primary target for the development of renewable energy technologies such as water electrolyzers and fuel cells.Such energy conversion to a large extent relies on efficient electrocatalysts that are desired to be highly active,durable and cost-effective.Precious metals such as platinum (Pt) and iridium (Ir) are conventionally used as electrocatalysts,which are not only expensive and scarce,but also have limited activity and/or stability.Novel designs of electrocatalysts and significant improvements of the performance,thereby reducing the usage of precious metals,are needed for scale-up applications of the various electrochemical energy conversion technologies.