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The benefits,unsolved problems and challenges for plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs) are discussed.The remarkable benefits are high resource use efficiency,high annual productivity per unit land area,and production of high-quality plants without using pesticides.Major unsolved problems are high initial investment,electricity cost and labor cost.A major challenge for the next-generation smart PFAL is the introduction of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence with the use of big data,genomics and phenomics (or methodologies and protocols for noninvasive measurement of plant-specific traits related to plant structure and function).Finally,the concept and methods of plant cohort research for production in PFALs are discussed.In plant cohort research,the time courses of plant traits (i.e.,phenomes) are measured for plant individuals together with the data on environments,human and machine interventions,and resource inputs and outputs.The components of the plant cohort research system for a PFAL include the cultivation system module (CSM),phenotyping unit,database or data warehouse and application software for the collection,analysis and visualization of the data.Possible applications of the plant cohort research system are very briefly discussed.