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As new targets for cancer therapy,endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy are closely linked,with evidence suggesting that ER stress can activate autophagy through UPR.Although generally thought as an adaptive response by clearing "garbages" accumulated in the lumen,autophagy activation during ER stress may also contribute to cell death when the stress is prolonged or too severe.To date,however,the exact mechanisms by which the proapoptotic outputs of autophagy and ER stress are integrated to select death cell fate are very poorly characterized.