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In recent years, evidence has emerged that phytoestrogens may have a potential beneficial role in chronic kidney disease (CKD).This is based on data from several nutritional intervention studies performed in animals and humans with various forms of CKD.In animals, consumption of foods rich in phyotoestrogens (isoflavones and lignans) has been shown to improve renal function and renal structural damage or slow renal disease progression in several rodent models with widely differing types of CKD.In humans, consumption of diets rich in phytoestrogens also appear to preserve renal function in patients with varying stages of CKD, but these beneficial effects have not been consistently observed in all studies.