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Parkinson s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with the major pathology being the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA)neurons at the substantial nigra in midbrain.As early as in the 1980s, open-label clinical trials employing fetal ventral mesencephalon (fVM) tissues have demonstrated significant efficacy for PD treatment, which led to two NIH-sponsored double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials.