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Asarum species are used as herbal medicines in many parts of the world, including Europe and Asia.Several Asarum species are listed in the Chinese Pharmacopeia under the Pin Yin name Xixin (1).Similar to Aristolochia species, they contain aristolochic acid (AA) analogues,compounds known for their nephrotoxic and carcinogenic effects (2).So far, little is known about the phytochemistry and nephrotoxicity of Asarum species.The aims of this project are to study the phytochemistry of medicinally used Asarum species and to assess their cytotoxicity in human kidney cells.