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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to exert a wide spectrum of biological actions and has been identified as the third gaseous transmitter next to NO and CO.However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these actions and the physiological and pathological roles of H2S still remain obscure.In studies aimed at revealing the possible involvement of H2S in gastrointestinal afferent sensitivity, we found evidence that H2S stimulated small intestinal afferents via the release of ATP (and other mediators) from the gut wall which was secondary to the activation of certain transient receptor potential cation channels.In the carotid body, H2S stimulated chemoreceptor afferents, again via releasing ATP and other mediators from the chemosensitive type I gomus cells.Furthermore, we found evidence that H2S might be an endogenous mediator of oxygen-sensing in the carotid body via inhibiting the large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BKca) channels.H2S likely participates in a number of physiological processes via modulation of different ion channels.