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CONTENTS Background Why use common utility tunnels? Design and operational issues Applicable construction technologies Summary & Conclusions Growth of Utility Systems (1) Underground utility systems grow as an urban area grows and this greatly affects the options available for underground infrastructure in a city Village ·First centralized systems introduced ·Capacities are small ·Locations aboveground or shallow depth Small Town · Service area expands · Main line capacities increase (abandon/replace utilities) · Underground utilities stay shallow except possibly for sewers