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We had previously introduced a novel concept wherein recombinant oncolytic viruses (OVs) encoding tumor-associated antigens (oncolytic vaccines) could elicit potent anti-tumor immunity, while maintaining the ability to infect and replicate within tumor cells.In particular, using the OV as a boosting agent can induce a massive secondary expansion of pre-existing tumor-specific memory T cells (Tm).We demonstrated in a murine melanoma model that the expansion of antigen-specific Tm by an oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) leads to a complete regression of well-established tumors.However,these tumors relapse within one month post-treatment, and the relapsing tumor can no longer be recognized by antigen-specific T cells.