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Ethylene is an important plant hormone regulating many aspects of plant growth,development, and responses to various environmental stimuli.A current model for ethylene signaling, based on studies in the past 20 years, describes a linear pathway involving theethylene receptors and Raf-like CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1), which represses ethylene signaling that is activated by ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2) and mediated to the EIN3/EIN3-transcription factors.