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Engineered nanoscale materials (ENMs) are generally defined as having at least one of their 3 dimensions below about 100 nm in size, including nanoparticles (one dimension);nanofibers (two dimensions);and nanoplates (three dimensions).Exposures of humans to nano-sized particles has occurred throughout human history, and it is only with the advent of nanotechnology and its application for diverse industrial, medical and consumer uses that reports have raised serious concerns about the potential of ENMs causing adverse health effects.