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Marine sponges often harbor dense and diverse microbial communities including actinobacteria.To date no comprehensive investigation has been performed on the culturable diversity of the actinomycetes associated with South China Sea sponges.Structurally novel aromatic polyketides have been discovered from marine sponge-derived Streptomyces and Saccharopolyspora, suggesting that sponge-associated actinomycetes can serve as an important source of aromatic polyketides.In this study, a total of 77 actinomycete strains were isolated from 15 South China Sea sponge species.Phylogenetic characterization of the isolates based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing supported their assignment to 12families and 20 genera, among which three rare genera (Marihabitans, Polymorphospora and Streptomonospora) were isolated from marine sponges for the first time.Subsequently, β-ketoacyl synthase(KSα) gene was used as marker for evaluating the potential of the actinomycete strains to produce aromatic polyketides.As a result, KSα gene was detected in 35 isolates related to 7 genera (Kocuria,Micromonospora, Nocardia, Nocardiopsis, Saccharopolyspora, Salinispora and Streptomyces).Finally, ten strains were selected for small-scale fermentation, and one angucycline compound was detected from the culture extract of Streptomycesanulatus strain S71.This study extended our knowledge of the sponge-associated actinomycetes regarding their diversity and potential in producing aromatic polyketides.